Unit 7: Sports
Complete Vocabulary & Expressions
Key Vocabulary - Lessons 1 & 2
Synonyms & Antonyms
Important Expressions
Lesson 3 Vocabulary
Usage and Function
The structure "used to + infinitive" is used to talk about past habits, states, or repeated actions that are no longer true in the present. It emphasizes that something happened regularly or was true for a period of time in the past but doesn't happen now.
Affirmative Form
Negative Form
Note: In negative sentences, we say "didn't use to" (NOT "didn't used to").
Question Form
Important Notes
• "Used to" is only used in the past tense. There is no present form.
• Don't confuse "used to" with "be used to" or "get used to" which have different meanings.
• Pronunciation: "used to" is pronounced as /ˈjuːst tuː/ (the 'd' is silent in speech).
Writing Skill: Describing a Sports Event (110 words)
When writing about a sports event, you should include the following elements: introduction of the event, description of the atmosphere, key moments during the event, and your personal feelings. Start by stating when and where the event took place. Describe the teams or players involved and the excitement of the crowd. Highlight important moments like goals, saves, or turning points in the game. Use past tense verbs and time expressions to sequence events. Include adjectives to convey emotions and atmosphere. Finally, conclude with the result and your reaction. Remember to stay within the 110-word limit while maintaining clarity and coherence.
Unit 8: Cultures & Traditions
Complete Vocabulary & Expressions
Key Vocabulary - Lessons 1 & 2
Synonyms & Antonyms
Important Expressions
Lesson 3 Vocabulary
Definition and Purpose
Relative clauses are subordinate clauses that provide additional information about a noun in the main clause. They are introduced by relative pronouns: who, which, that, whose, where, when, and why. These clauses help to make writing more detailed and interesting by adding descriptive information.
Relative Pronouns and Their Uses
Defining vs. Non-defining Clauses
Defining Relative Clauses: Essential information (no commas)
Non-defining Relative Clauses: Extra information (with commas)
Note: "That" cannot be used in non-defining clauses.
Writing Skill: Essay About a Tradition (110 words)
When writing an essay about a tradition, begin by introducing the tradition and explaining its significance. Describe when and where it is practiced, and who participates in it. Detail the specific activities, rituals, or customs involved, using descriptive language to paint a clear picture for the reader. Explain the cultural or historical importance of the tradition and why it has been preserved through generations. Share personal experiences or observations if applicable. Use appropriate vocabulary related to culture and traditions. Organize your ideas into clear paragraphs with topic sentences. Conclude by reflecting on the tradition's value to the community or its relevance today. Maintain coherence and stay within the 110-word limit.
Unit 9: Courage & Survival
Complete Vocabulary & Expressions
Key Vocabulary - Lessons 1 & 2
Synonyms & Antonyms
Important Expressions
Lesson 3 Vocabulary
Introduction to Verb Patterns
Certain verbs in English are followed by specific patterns: either the infinitive (to + base verb) or the gerund (verb + -ing). Knowing which pattern follows which verb is essential for correct sentence structure.
Verbs Followed by Infinitive (to + base verb)
Verbs Followed by Gerund (verb + -ing)
Verbs That Can Take Both Patterns (with different meanings)
Remember:
Forget:
Stop:
Try:
Writing Skill: Adventure Story (110 words)
When writing an adventure story, create an engaging plot with clear characters, setting, and conflict. Begin with an introduction that establishes the main character and the situation. Develop a problem or challenge that needs to be overcome. Use descriptive language to build suspense and excitement. Include dialogue to reveal character traits and advance the plot. Sequence events logically using time expressions and transitional words. Build toward a climax where the main conflict reaches its peak. Resolve the story with a satisfying conclusion that shows what the character learned or how they changed. Use past tense consistently and vary sentence structure for interest. Keep the story within 110 words while maintaining narrative flow.
Unit 10: Animal Adaptations
Complete Vocabulary & Expressions
Key Vocabulary - Lessons 1 & 2
Synonyms & Antonyms
Additional Vocabulary
Important Expressions
What are Reported Questions?
Reported questions (also called indirect questions) are used to report what someone asked without using their exact words. Unlike direct questions, reported questions do not use question marks or inversion of subject and verb.
Steps to Convert Direct Questions to Reported Questions
1. Change the question word order to statement word order (subject + verb)
2. Remove question marks and quotation marks
3. Change pronouns and possessive adjectives as needed
4. Change verb tenses according to sequence of tenses rules
5. Change time expressions if necessary
Yes/No Questions
Use "if" or "whether" to introduce reported yes/no questions.
Wh- Questions
Tense Changes in Reported Questions
Present Simple → Past Simple:
Present Continuous → Past Continuous:
Present Perfect → Past Perfect:
Past Simple → Past Perfect:
Will → Would:
Note: If the reporting verb is in the present tense, the tense in the reported question does not change.
Writing Skill: Animal Fact File
When creating an animal fact file, organize information into clear sections with headings. Begin with a general introduction about the animal, including its common and scientific names. Include a physical description section detailing size, weight, color, and distinguishing features. Describe the animal's habitat, including geographic range and preferred environment. Explain adaptations that help the animal survive in its habitat, such as physical characteristics, behaviors, or special abilities. List the animal's diet and feeding habits. Mention any interesting behaviors or facts. Include conservation status if the animal is endangered. Use bullet points or short paragraphs for easy reading. Include accurate scientific information while keeping the language accessible. Add a conclusion about why this animal is interesting or important.
Unit 11: Stories on the Move
Complete Vocabulary & Expressions
Key Vocabulary - Lessons 1 & 2
Synonyms & Antonyms
Lessons 3 & 4 Vocabulary
Important Expressions
Past Continuous Tense Overview
The past continuous tense (was/were + verb-ing) is used to describe actions that were in progress at a specific time in the past. It often sets the background scene for another action that happened.
Past Simple Tense Overview
The past simple tense (verb + ed or irregular form) is used for completed actions in the past. It describes the main events in a story or sequence of actions.
Using Both Tenses Together
In this example: "was walking" (past continuous - longer background action) and "started" (past simple - shorter interrupting action).
Common Time Expressions
With Past Continuous: at 5 o'clock yesterday, all morning, while, when (with continuous action)
With Past Simple: yesterday, last week, in 2020, when (with simple action)
Different Scenarios for Using Both Tenses
Scenario 1: Interrupted Action
(Long action: watching TV; Short interruption: phone rang)
Scenario 2: Parallel Actions
(Two actions happening at the same time in the past)
Scenario 3: Background Description
(Past continuous sets the scene; Past simple describes what happened)
Scenario 4: Repeated Annoying Actions
(Expresses annoyance about repeated past actions)
Writing Skill: Travel Narrative (110 words)
When writing a travel narrative, begin with an engaging introduction that establishes when and where the journey took place. Use descriptive language to set the scene and create atmosphere. Describe the people, places, and experiences in detail, appealing to the senses. Structure the narrative chronologically, using time expressions to guide the reader through the events. Include dialogue or personal reflections to add authenticity and emotional depth. Build tension or excitement as the story progresses toward a climax. Conclude with a reflection on what was learned or how the experience changed you. Use varied sentence structures and rich vocabulary to maintain reader interest. Ensure the narrative flows smoothly from beginning to end within the 110-word limit.
Unit 12: Leadership & Teamwork
Complete Vocabulary & Expressions
Key Vocabulary - Lessons 1 & 2
Synonyms & Antonyms
Effective Leader Qualities
Important Expressions
What is Conditional Type 1?
First conditional (Type 1) sentences describe real and possible situations in the future. They express a condition that is likely to happen and its probable result. This conditional is used for predictions, promises, warnings, threats, and negotiations.
Basic Structure
The "if clause" can come first or second in the sentence. When it comes first, we use a comma after it.
Variations and Modals
Negative Forms
Time Clauses with "When" and "As Soon As"
"When" and "as soon as" can be used similarly to "if" in Type 1 conditionals, but with slightly different meanings:
Note: After "when" and "as soon as," we use present tense, not future tense.
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Mistake 1: Using "will" in the if-clause
Mistake 2: Using wrong tense sequence
Mistake 3: Forgetting the comma when if-clause comes first
Writing Skill: Paragraph About a Leader or Team (110 words)
When writing about a leader or team, begin with a clear topic sentence that identifies the subject and your main point. Describe the qualities that make this person or group effective, using specific examples to illustrate each quality. For a leader, discuss traits like vision, communication skills, empathy, and decision-making ability. For a team, focus on elements like cooperation, shared goals, complementary skills, and mutual support. Explain how these qualities contribute to success or achievement. Include relevant background information or context. Use transition words to connect ideas smoothly. Conclude by summarizing the importance of these leadership or teamwork qualities and their impact. Maintain a formal yet engaging tone throughout the paragraph while staying within the 110-word limit.
Unit Comparison Summary
| Unit | Topic | Main Grammar | Writing Skills |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | Sports | Used to + inf. | Describing a sports event (110 words) |
| 8 | Cultures & Traditions | Relative Clauses | Essay about a tradition (110 words) |
| 9 | Courage & Survival | Verbs + to-inf / V-ing | Adventure story (110 words) |
| 10 | Animal Adaptations | Reported Questions | Animal fact file |
| 11 | Stories on the Move | Past Continuous & Simple Past | Travel narrative (110 words) |
| 12 | Leadership & Teamwork | Conditional (Type 1) | Paragraph about a leader or team (110 words) |
Study and Revision Tips
Revision Strategies
- Learn vocabulary in sentence context
- Practice converting sentences using grammar rules
- Read texts aloud to improve pronunciation
- Listen to audio texts and repeat
Exam Tips
- Allocate sufficient time for each question
- Review your answers before submission
- Understand questions well before answering
- Ensure word count in writing tasks
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